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Is the Brumby horse a pest or part of Australia’s heritage? Meet Australia’s feral bands of Brumbies

Horses first arrived in Australia in 1788, imported for farm and utility work since recreational riding and races were not major activities. It is thought that only around 200 horses had reached Australia by 1800. In 1810, horse racing became popular in Australia, which then resulted in an increase of imports of Thoroughbred horses. By 1820 there were roughly 3,500 horses living in Australia. This number had grown to 160,000 by 1850. Because of the long trip from Europe to Australia, only the strongest horses survived. This made for a healthy and strong Australian stock, which aided in their ability to flourish. 

The Brumby horse breed came about because of horses escaping from their owners and becoming feral. The first report of an escaped horse was in 1804. By 1840, more horses had escaped from the settled areas of the continent. It is very likely that some escaped because of improper fencing or a lack of fencing. But many horses became feral because they were released out into the wild by their owners to fend for themselves. Arid conditions in Australia made farming difficult, so it is likely that some feral horses came from people abandoning their settlements and giving up on trying to farm in the unfamiliar country. After World War I, as in many other areas of the world, the rise of mechanization led to less need for horses in the military and in farming, which led to the growth of unwanted animals who were set free to increase the feral population.

Australia currently has around 400,000 horses roaming free. Despite the large population numbers, the feral horses are only considered to be a moderate pest. If they are allowed to damage vegetation and cause erosion, their environmental impact can be devastating. However, they also have cultural and economic value, which makes their management a complex issue for all those involved. Public concern is a major issue in control efforts, as many people advocate for the protection of the Brumby. This includes the Aboriginal people, who believe feral horses belong to the country. Some organizations are totally against culling, while some accept necessary and humane culling methods to control environmental damage caused by the Brumby bands. The issue is complicated, at best, with passionate people on both sides of the debate.

Love the Brumby horse breed? Click the image to purchase a print!

 

I’m not Australian, so I don’t feel that I can really comment on whether or not the Brumby is a pest. However, I do feel that any animal population that needs to be managed should be done so in humane and responsible ways. Especially animals that are only on a continent because humans abandoned them there! There are several organizations that advocate for the preservation and humane management of the Brumby horse, including SaveTheBrumbies.

The Brumby image for the Horses of the World series was one of the first where I illustrated two horses in one image. I think it’s a very sweet image, and have had several sales of it just because of the emotion in the image. I love being able to teach people about breeds they aren’t familiar with, so creating a striking image that starts a discussion is very important to me!

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Where is the Rocky Mountain horse breed from? The answer may surprise you!

Every Horses Of the World art piece begins with research into the breed so that I can look for a map, research the history and the characteristics of the breed, and also find reference images so I can be sure to capture that breed correctly. When it came time to do the Rocky Mountain horse, I thought for sure that I knew what map to use. “Rocky Mountain” is in the name, right? That tells you where the breed came from! But I decided before putting pencil to map-page that I would do my normal process and do some research first. 

Imagine my surprise when I learned that the Rocky Mountain horse originates from … Kentucky! Despite its name, the Rocky Mountain horse did not develop in the Rocky Mountains, but the Appalachian Mountains instead. A foundation stallion was brought from the western United States to eastern Kentucky around 1890, which started the breed. In the mid-20th century, another stallion named Old Tobe, was used to develop what we know as the modern Rocky Mountain horse. The breed has over 12,000 registered horses, and is known for its chocolate-colored coat and flaxen mane and tail that is seen in much of the breed’s population. Rocky Mountain horses also have a four-beat ambling gait known as the “single-foot”, which replaces the trot that is seen in the majority of other breeds. The single-foot is an intermediate speed between the walk and canter, but is a four-beat gait while the trot is a two-beat gait. This gait is extremely smooth for the rider because it minimizes movement through the top of the horse and removes the bounce that is present in a two-beat gait. 

Love the Rocky Mountain Horse? Click the image to purchase a print!

 

Eastern Kentucky is known for its gaited breeds that are created from mixing Spanish horses with English horses. The American Saddlebred, Tennessee Walking Horse, and Missouri Fox Trotter are also from the same general geographical area as the Rocky Mountain Horse. The breed was originally developed for general farm use, including pulling plows and buggies, working cattle, and being ridden under saddle. Today, the Rocky Mountain Horse is still used for many of the same activities, as well as endurance riding and pleasure riding. The easy disposition and smooth gait make this breed especially sought out be elderly and disabled riders.

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Is the Akhal-teke the Most Beautiful Horse Breed in the World?

The Akhal-teke is thought to be one of the oldest existing horse breeds. They are from Turkmenistan, and have a reputation for speed, endurance, intelligence, and are known for the distinctive metallic sheen to their coat. This sheen to their coat has earned them the nickname “Golden Horses”. There are currently around 6,600 Akhal-tekes in the world, mostly in Russia.

The ancestors of the Akhal-teke breed may date back to animals living as much as 3,000 years ago. Their precise ancestry is difficult to trace because prior to around 1600 AD, horse breeds as we know them today did not exist. Instead, horses were identified by local strain or type. The Akhal-teke breed is possibly the direct descendant of the Turkoman horse, a breed that is believed to be extinct. The Turkoman horse breed may share a common ancestor with the Arabian horse. 

Tribal peoples in what is Turkmenistan today used the Akhal-teke horses first for raiding. Horses were treasured possessions, crucial to income and survival. Horses were selectively bred, and their pedigrees were kept via an oral tradition. The horses were managed and trained in very specific ways, with stallions being kept tethered next to tents while mares and foals were allowed to seek forage. Stallions were covered head to tail in layers of felt – up to seven layers at a time – which kept their coat short and shiny. Before raids, the horses were put on a sparse diet to prepare them for the long ride through the desert. At this time, the horses were called “Argamaks” (Divine or Sacred) by the Russians. The Argamaks were highly prized for their speed, stamina, and loyalty. 

In 1881, Turkmenistan became part of the Russian Empire. The tribes fought against this, but eventually lost. However, the Russian general Kuropatkin developed a love for the golden horses he’d seen while fighting the tribes. He founded a breeding farm and renamed the horses as “Akhal-teke” after the Teke Turkmen tribe that lived around the Akhal oasis.

Image of a room with a white desk and chair in front of a white wall. A lamp is on the desk. A framed image of a drawing of an Akhal-teke horse is on the desk
Love the Akhal-teke breed? Click above to purchase a print!

The ancestral Akhal-teke has had an influence on many other horse breeds, including possibly the Thoroughbred. The Trakehner breed has also been influenced by the Akhal-teke, as well. The breed nearly died out when the Soviet Union required horses to be slaughtered for meat. At one point there were only 1,250 horses left, and their export from the Soviet Union was banned. In the early twentieth century, cross-breeding between the Thoroughbred and Akhal-teke was attempted in an effort to create a faster long-distance racehorse. These horses were not as resilient as their Akhal-teke ancestors, and many of the Anglo Akhal-tekes died because of the harsh conditions in Central Asia.

The Akhal-teke has a distinct sheen to its coat that makes it look like it is made of gold. Many people say that they are the most beautiful horses in the world thanks to this metallic sheen, as well as their refined and elegant build. The structure of the Akhal-teke’s fur is the cause of the shimmer thanks to it acting as a light intensifier. It is believed that the golden coat helps act as camouflage in the deserts of Turkmenistan.

Today, there are only 3,500 Akhal-teke horses in the world. 

I am fascinated by the Akhal-teke breed. They are truly gorgeous and if you’ve never seen a photo or video of one, go to Google right now and look them up. They look like living metal statues and they are just GORGEOUS. When I started the Akhal-teke drawing for the Horses Of The World Series, I knew that capturing that golden sheen would be a challenge, especially when illustrating on a vintage map. This piece is one of my favorites in the series, though. I like it so much, in fact, that I had this piece printed on canvas to use as a large patch for the back of a jacket! I especially love how the golden horse drawing seems to almost blend with the colors of the map. Perhaps there is truth to that thought of the coat color being used for protection in the desert!

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Where did the Morgan horse come from? Facts and History about the Morgan horse

One of the earliest horse breeds developed in the united states, Morgans had many uses in 19th century American history. They were used as coach horses, in harness racing, for riding, and even as Cavalry horses during the American Civil War. Other American horse breeds that have been influenced by the Morgan include the American Quarter Horse, the Tennessee Walking Horse, and the Standardbred. The Morgan is a compact and refined horse, with strong legs, an expressive head with large eyes, and a well-arched neck. They have a reputation for being intelligent, courageous, and having a good disposition. 

All Morgans trace back to one foundation sire, a stallion named Figure. Figure was born in West Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1789. In 1792, Figure was given to Justin Morgan as payment for a debt. Figure was known for passing on his looks, conformation, athleticism, and temperament to his offspring. Although he was used extensively as a breeding stallion, only six of his sons have written records. 

By the 19th century, Morgans were a recognizable breed that was well-known for its diversity. They were the choice of many families who needed a horse to plow the fields, take the family to church and Sunday, and then take the Father to work on Monday. Morgans were heavily used in wagon trains moving west, as horses on cattle ranches, and by the US Army as cavalry mounts and harness horses.

In 1945, Marguerite Henry’s Justin Morgan Had A Horse was published. The book was a fictional account of Figure and his owner. Walt Disney Studios made a movie based on the book in 1972. Both the book and movie have been heavily criticized for not being accurate to the true history of Justin Morgan and his stallion. 

Love the Morgan Horse? Click the image above to purchase a Morgan print!

The Morgan horse is very special to me, because that’s the breed of horse I own! My pretty girl, who you may have seen in other blog posts of mine if you’ve been visiting my blog for a while, is a Morgan mare. My Morgan piece for the Horses Of The World series is also the only breed in the series that I’ve drawn more than once. Back when I did the first Morgan design, I was drawing my sketches directly on the map and then going over the pencil lines with ink. Unfortunately, it was VERY hard to see pencil lines sometimes on the map backgrounds, so when I inked the first version of the Morgan I wasn’t happy with the outcome. At the time I didn’t have another map of the area, so I let it be. But once I got new atlases in, I decided to try again and I’m much happier with the “2019” version of the design (shown above!)

I have also used Morgans as models for the Civil War Cavalry horses on maps of Gettysburg that I did, as well. 

To purchase my Civil War Horses prints, click on the above image!

 

I knew nothing about the Morgan breed until I met my now-best-friend and the horse who would become my first horse, but in the past 7 years I’ve come to appreciate and truly love this breed! 

Our Morgan Unicorns, Glory and Raven

 

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What’s a Haflinger Horse? Meet a horse breed that traces its ancestry back to the Middle Ages!

The Haflinger (also called the Avelignese), derives its name from the village of Hafling in what-is-today Northern Italy. Haflingers are always chestnut in color, with shades that range from light golden to a rich chestnut or liver hue. The mane and tail are white. Before World War II they stood an average of 13.3 hands, but since the end of the war the average height of the breed has increased. All of today’s Haflingers trace their lineage through one of seven stallion lines to the foundation stallion, Folie. It is tradition to give colts a name beginning with the letter or letters associated with their stallion line, and for fillies to be given a name beginning with the first letter of their dam’s name. The exceptions to this are in France and Italy, where different rules apply.

There are two theories for the beginning of the Haflinger breed. The first is that Haflingers descended from the horses who were abandoned in the Tyrolean valleys in Central Europe by the East Goths, who were fleeing from the Byzantine troops in 555 AD. It is believed that these abandoned horses were influenced by Oriental bloodlines and may explain the Arabian characteristics present in the Haflinger. Another theory is that the breed descended from a stallion from the Kingdom of Burgundy sent to the area by Louis IV when his son married Princess Margarete Maultasch in 1342. It has also been suggested that the Haflinger may be descended from a prehistoric forest horse. Whatever the origins of the haflinger, the breed thrived in the harsh conditions of the mountain climate, even with minimal maintenance.

The modern Haflinger was officially established in the village of Hafling. An Arabian stallion was imported to Austria in the 19th century, strongly reinforcing the Arabian influence on the breed. Because of the small gene pool of the origins of the breed, and the mountain environment it developed in, the breed has a fixed physical type and appearance. World War I resulted in many Haflingers being conscripted for military service, which interrupted many breeding programs. After the war, South Tyrol (including Hafling) was ceded to Italy while North Tyrol remained in Austria. This was extremely detrimental to the breed, as most broodmares were in South Tyrol and most studs were in North Tyrol, and little effort was made at cooperation between breeders.

Love the Haflinger horse? Click the above image to purchase a Haflinger print!

After World War II, Haflinger breeding programs almost stopped entirely because the military stopped buying horses. It was decided that changes needed to be made to breeding to create a horse that better fit modern needs. The Tyrolean Haflinger Breeder’s Association was established and they implemented strict breeding protocols to increase the numbers of the Haflinger horses. Between 1950 and 1974, most horse breeds in Europe were decreasing in numbers, while the number of Haflingers were increasing. 

Haflingers were bred to be a versatile horse under saddle, but also still solid enough for draft work and driving. The breed is used today in many activities, including draft and pack work, harness and combined driving, and many under saddle events including western show classes, trail and endurance riding, dressage, showjumping, vaulting, and therapeutic riding programs. They are still used by the Austrian and German armies for rough terrain work.  In 2003, a Haflinger became the first cloned horse, which resulted in a filly name Prometea.

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Can you buy a Mustang Horse? Facts and History of the Mustang Horse Breed!

By the end of the last Ice Age, there were no equids in the Americas. Horses were first re-introduced to the continents beginning with Colombus, who imported horses from Spain to the West Indies in 1493. Domesticated horses didn’t come to the mainland Americas until Cortes arrived in 1519. By 1525, enough horses had been imported to create a horse breeding operation in Mexico. Native American peoples quickly adopted the use of the horse into their cultures, using them for transportation and replacing dogs as pack animals. The reintroduction of the horse changed many Native cultures, altering war, trade, and even the diet of some peoples. 

Horses were traded throughout North America, but a great many of the horses that contributed to the feral Mustang herds were ones that wandered off into the wild. The Spanish generally did not keep their animals in fenced enclosures, making it easy for them to go astray. Originally, horses captured by the Native Americans were used for food. But some Natives who had learned horse-handling skills while kept as slaves by the Spanish escaped over the years – sometimes bringing domestic horses with them. This is the time when Native Americans began using the horses for riding and as pack animals. 

It is estimated that around the late 1700’s to early 1800’s, there were as many as two to five million Mustang horses roaming western North America. In the early 1900’s, those numbers began dwindling. By 1930 the estimated population of free-roaming horses was between 50,000 to 150,000. They were almost completely confined to public lands and National Forest ranges in 11 Western states. The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) was formed by combining two other agencies. The BLM, along with the Forest Service, were committed to removing feral horses from the lands under their management.

By the 1950’s, the wild horse population had dropped to 25,000 horses. Capture methods were being abused, and included hunting horses from airplanes and poisoning entire water holes to get rid of the horses so the land could be used for cattle. These abuses led to the first federal free-roaming horse protection act being passed in 1959. From then until now, the BLM has established Herd Management Areas to determine where free-roaming horses will be sustained. In August 2017 it was estimated that 72,000 horses are still on the range, with over half of them being found in Nevada. Another 45,000 horses are in government holding facilities.

Do you love Mustang horses? Click the image above to purchase a print!

Since 1978, captured Mustang horses have been offered for adoption to individuals or groups willing and able to provide adequate and humane long-term care. The base adoption fee is around $125. Adopted horses are still protected under the federal act for one year after their adoption, after which the adoptee can obtain the full ownership of the horse. Despite means to promote adoptions, such as the Extreme Mustang Makeover, the number of adoptees doesn’t come close to being able to handle the excess number of horses. It is estimated that ten thousand foals will be born on the range each year, but only 2500 horses on average get adopted. There is current language in the act that prevents the BLM from sending excess horses to slaughter, or from selling the horses to those who would take them to slaughter. Congress is currently being pushed to remove these barriers and allow both the options for euthanizing and outright-selling excess horses. 

I think it’s pretty obvious that my Mustang artwork was inspired by the 2002 film “Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron” (a film that I’ve only seen once, actually, but I loved it!). “Spirit” is a real Kiger Mustang stallion who lives in the Return to Freedom’s American Wild Horse Sanctuary. He serves as a prominent ambassador of the Mustang breed. You can meet the real Spirit by clicking this link.

Information in this article has been taken from Wikipedia and the Bureau of Land Management website.

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What Makes a Thoroughbred Horse? Meet a Horse Breed Known for Speed, Agility, and Spirit

Sometimes the word “Thoroughbred” is used to refer to any breed of purebred horse, but it technically only refers to the actual Thoroughbred breed. The breed was developed in 17th and 18th century England by cross-breeding native mares with imported Arabian, Barb, and Turkoman stallions. All Thoroughbred horses can trace their pedigrees to three stallions imported to England. During the 18th and 19th centuries, the breed spread throughout the world. They were imported to North America, Australia, Japan, and South America. 

Millions of Thoroughbreds exist today, with around 100,000 new foals being registered each year across the globe. Unlike a large number of registered breeds today, a Thoroughbred cannot be registered with the Jockey Club registry unless the foal was conceived by “live cover”, which is the witnessed natural mating of a mare and a stallion. Artificial insemination and other modern methods of breeding, though accepted in many other breed registries, are not useable with Thoroughbreds. This could be because there is a larger possibility of error with assigning parentage in artificial insemination, but it could also be for economic reasons. A stallion can only cover so many mares per year, which prevents an oversupply of Thoroughbreds. 

Love the Thoroughbred breed? Click the image to purchase a print!

Thoroughbreds are considered a “hot-blooded” type of horse. They are bred for agility and speed and are considered generally to be spirited and bold. They are used primarily for horse racing under saddle at the gallop. Thoroughbreds also compete in dressage, show jumping, eventing, polo, steeplechase, and fox-hunting. They have been influential to many other breeds as well, influencing the traits of the breeds they are introduced tt. The American Quarter Horse, Standardbred, and potentially the Morgan are just some of the breeds where the Thoroughbred was influential. 

Because of their world-wide fame, appeal, and influence, I decided to do something a little different for the map for the Thoroughbred piece in my Horses Of The World series. I used a map of the Northern Hemisphere to both invoke their breeding of both English and Oriental breeds and to illustrate their influence beyond their own breed. I wanted to illustrate the Thoroughbred doing what it’s most famous for – racing. The drawing for this piece was done in a digital drawing program, then printed out. I transferred the sketch to the map using a lightbox and a brush ink pen. Then the colors were added with Copic alcohol markers and colored pencils.

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Where are Paso Fino horses from? Meet the beautiful horse with a unique ambling gait!

The Paso Fino breed dates back to horses imported to the Caribbean from Spain. They are a naturally gaited light horse, prized for their natural, smooth, four-beat ambling gait. The Paso Fino is especially popular for trail riding, but are used for all disciplines. In the United States there are two main groups of horses referred to as “Paso Fino”. The Pure Puerto Rican Paso Fino (PPR) originated in Puerto Rico. The other developed in Columbia, and is called the Columbian Paso Fino or Colombian Criollo Horse (CCC). The two groups developed independently in their countries of origin, though they are from similar Spanish ancestors.

The name Paso Fino means “fine step”. The horses were bred by Spanish landowners in Puerto Rico and Colombia for use in plantations because of their comfortable ride and endurance. The Paso Fino tends to be refined, standing at 13-15.2 hands high. It is powerful for its small size, however! Paso Finos are a lively horse with a natural drive, willingness, and amiable disposition. The gaits of the Paso Fino are performed at various levels of extension. At whatever speed the horse travels, the gait is so smooth that it ideally allows the rider to appear motionless. The video below explains the natural gaits of the Paso Fino.

 

The Paso Fino has been nicknamed “The Smoothest Riding Horse In The World”. The gaits of the Paso Fino are completely natural, not trained into them. Because of the smooth gait, many people who have injuries that prevent them from riding other horses have found that they can ride a Paso Fino!

Love the Paso Fino? Purchase a print by clicking the image!

 

Information for this blog post was taken from Wikipedia and the Paso Fino Horse Association.

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What is a Nokota Horse? History and Info about the Nokota Horse

The Nokota horse breed developed in the southwest corner of North Dakota, in the Little Missouri River Badlands. In the 19th century feral horses mingled with the domestic horses of ranchers. The ranchers ofter crossbred the local ponies, Spanish horses, and various draft, harness, stock horses, and Thoroughbreds to make hardy ranch horses. 

By the early 20th century, the feral horse population was the target of ranchers who wanted to limit their grazing so it could be used for livestock instead. Horses were rounded up to either be used for ranch horses, sold to slaughter, or be killed. In the 1930s and all the way to the 1950s, federal and state agencies worked to take horses from western North Dakota. The Nokota was saved from extinction when Theodore Roosevelt National Park was established in the 1940s. During construction of the park, several bands of horses were accidentally enclosed in the park fence, and by 1960 these bands were the last  feral horses living in North Dakota. 

Love the Nokota Horse? Purchase a Nokota print by clicking the above image!

The park, however, wanted to eliminate these horses. The National Park Service was declared exempt from the Wild and Free Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971, allowing them to view the horses as a nuisance and to send many of them to slaughter. In the late 1970s, public opposition to the removal of the horses grew to the point where management strategies changed, and today the herds within Theodore Roosevelt National Park are kept for purposes of historical demonstration. In 1986 the dominant herd stallions were removed and outside bloodlines were introduced to the herds with the aim of modifying the appearance of the Nokota. Park management felt that horses created with outside bloodlines would sell better at auctions. 

At the 1986 auction, Leo and Frank Kuntz purchased 54 horses that had been rounded up from the Nokota herds, including a dominant blue roan stallion. They purchased more horses at subsequent auctions, and by 1993 the Kuntz herd was 150 horses strong. In 1999 the Kuntz brothers founded the Nokota Horse Conservancy to protect and conserve the breed. The Nokota Horse Conservancy tracks about 1000 living and dead horses throughout the United States. 

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What is a Marwari Horse? A Hardy Riding Horse with a Unique Set of Ears

In north-west India is a region called Rajasthan. This region contains Marwar, sometimes called Jodhpur, and that is where the Marwari horse comes from. The first to breed the Marwari horse were the Rathores, traditional rulers of the Marwar region. Throughout history, the Marwari has been used as a cavalry horse by the people of Marwar. This horse breed is noted for its loyalty and bravery in battle. In the 1930s the breed deteriorated some because poor management practices led to a reduction in breeding stock, but today the breed has regained some of its popularity. 

The true origins of the Marwari are hard to pin down. They are thought to descend from the warhorses of the Rajput warriors of the Marwar region, with the influence of the Turkoman type of horse brought by invaders in the sixteenth century. Unlike the Kathiawari, another horse breed from the area, the Marwari shows little influence from the Arabian horse. The Rathores, the traditional breeders of the Marwari and the rulers of the Marwar region, began following strict breeding guidelines for the horses in the 12th century. The horses were considered divine beings, and could only be ridden by the rulers and the warrior caste. The Rathores believed that a Marwari horse could only leave a battlefield on one of three conditions: victory, death, or carrying their wounded master to safety. The Marwari horses were trained to be cavalry and were extremely responsive to battlefield conditions and complex riding maneuvers. Over three centuries later, Marwari lancers assisted the British in World War I.

Love the Marwari horse? Purchase a Marwari print by clicking the photo!

 

The British occupation of India led to reduced numbers of Marwari horses. The British preferred other breeds and tried to eliminate both the Marwari and Kathiawari breeds. They reduced the reputation of the Marwari so much that even the distinctive inward-turning ears were ridiculed and seen as a mark of an inferior “native horse”. The breed was on the brink of extinction until the intervention of Maharaja Umaid Singhji in the first half of the 20th century saved them.  

The Marwari horse is one of my favorite designs in this series of artworks! I am fascinated by the Marwari and their unique ears that turned inward, sometimes even to the point where the tips touch. I wanted to create a Marwari piece that would celebrate the area it came from, which is why I decided to put this black horse in a beautiful bejeweled headstall and breastcollar. I drew the horse from the front-on, to really show off the unique ears.

This piece was done with india ink, Copic markers, colored pencils, and watered down acrylic paint for the white areas. 

Purchase a Marwari handmade ornament by clicking the photo!